NOTE: In order to effectively enforce safety and health standards, guidance to compliance staff is necessary. Therefore, although adoption of this instruction is not required, States are expected to have standards, enforcement policies and procedures which are at least as effective as those of Federal OSHA.

1. 29 CFR 1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response.

2. 29 CFR 1926.65 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response.

3. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.94, OSHA Responses to Significant Events of Potentially Catastrophic Consequences.

4. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103, Field Inspection Reference Manual.

5. OSHA Instruction TED 1.15, OSHA Technical Manual.

6. Additional reference materials for HAZWOPER are listed in Appendix H of this instruction.

1. HAZWOPER's provisions require facilities to consider both overall performance and specific elements when complying with the standard. HAZWOPER is referred to as a performance-oriented standard, which allows employers the flexibility to develop a safety and health program suitable for their particular facility. The standard offers work practice guidelines to protect employees from potential risks, but also has specific requirements. In evaluating compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120, Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHO's) shall consider both the specific requirements and whether the intent of the standard has been met.

2. The most important aspect of HAZWOPER paragraph (q) is planning for emergencies through the development of an emergency response plan and/or an emergency action plan.

   1. When reviewing an emergency response plan, the CSHO must evaluate the employer's ability to contain, control, and cleanup hazardous substance(s) if an emergency were to occur.

   2. If a facility does not have an emergency response plan or an emergency action plan, the employer must prove that the chemicals and the quantities used in the facility will not develop into an emergency incident if released in a (reasonably predictable) worse-case scenario. In other words, if there is a potential for an emergency, the employer must plan for it, and if there is no potential then the employer does not fall within the scope of HAZWOPER. (See Appendix E of this instruction for guidance on releases that require an emergency response.) Although HAZWOPER may not apply, incidental chemical releases are still covered by the Hazard Communication standard, 1910.1200 and 1926.59. Check what, if any, written procedures exist in the employer's written hazard communication program for handling incidental releases.

3. Paragraph (q) of HAZWOPER lists seven emergency responder categories, which include five principal training levels (first responder awareness level, first responder operations level, hazardous materials technician, hazardous materials specialists, and on-scene incident commander), skilled support personnel, and specialist employees. Employees responding to emergencies at different levels in the command structure are required by OSHA to have specific training that is intended to ensure that emergency responders are properly trained and equipped to perform their assigned tasks.

4. OSHA Instruction CPL 2.94, "OSHA Responses to Significant Events of Potentially Catastrophic Consequences," offers guidance and procedures that will apply to many inspections covered under this instruction. In order to avoid duplication, the significant sections of CPL 2.94 have not been reprinted in this instruction. Prior to inspection of any emergency response, or in a routine review of the emergency response provisions of HAZWOPER, compliance staff are advised to review both this instruction and CPL 2.94 to ensure the safety and health of CSHO's and employees and to provide consistent and uniform application of OSHA policy.

1. Request a briefing on the procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency. This shall be done to ensure that the CSHO is familiar with the emergency response procedures at the facility in the event an emergency occurs during the inspection. (See Appendix E of this instruction for guidance on releases that require an emergency response.)

2. Review the required elements of the emergency response plan, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(2), or the emergency action plan, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.38(a), to determine if the response plan adequately addresses the elements in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(2). (See Appendix A of this instruction for discussion on the different elements of an emergency response plan, and Appendix B of this instruction for audit guidelines.)

3. Identify the Incident Commander (IC) defined in the emergency response plan and review how the incident command position is passed up the ranks to those in higher authority. It may be helpful to review the pertinent sections of the emergency response plan with the IC (or one of the ICs, since there may be several individuals who will potentially become an IC). CSHO's shall also interview employees to determine the extent to which the plan is implemented. (See Appendix B of this instruction for audit guidelines.)

4. Evaluate the emergency responder training required in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(5) and (q)(6) and the refresher training required in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(8) to ensure compliance, and interview the employer, employee representatives, and employees who may be involved in an emergency involving hazardous substances in order to determine their ability to perform their designated response roles and responsibilities. (See Appendix B of this instruction for audit guidelines.)

5. Ensure that the employer is providing medical consultations and evaluations to those employees who are entitled to them, as detailed in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(9). A sample of affected employees shall be interviewed to determine that medical evaluations/consultations are being conducted.

6. Evaluate the employer's Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Program for compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(10) in addition to 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I. (Paragraph (q)(10) of HAZWOPER requires employers to meet the requirements of paragraph 1910.120(g)(5): Personal protective equipment (PPE) program.)

7. Contact the local fire department to determine whether the employer has notified them concerning the company's ERP, including the circumstances or conditions under which outside responders will provide emergency response to the site or facility. Verify the fire department's role in the response, and ask whether responders are capable and trained to respond to the hazards at the facility. Contact other randomly-selected emergency response organizations listed in the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and/or Emergency Action Plan (use main office numbers, not emergency dispatch numbers) to determine accuracy of contact information and to verify that the facility or site has in fact coordinated with these outside parties. Emergency dispatch phone numbers that should be used only in true emergencies should not be dialed.

8. Ask the employer if the facility has EPA reportable quantities and, if they do, whether the facility notified the LEPC of the hazardous substances. Ask the employer if the facility has experienced any chemical releases in excess of reportable quantities. Ask the employer for information regarding the facility's emissions inventory. This would establish the quantities and types of hazardous substances at a facility and provide documentation through EPA's reporting requirements. Referrals, as appropriate, shall be made in writing to the EPA Regional Office.

9. For inspections of an ongoing emergency response or post-emergency response operation where there has been a catastrophic event, or where OSHA is acting under the National Contingency Plan (NCP), Regional Administrators shall determine the overall role that OSHA will play. (See Appendix C for inspection guidance pertaining to on-going or recently completed emergency response operations. Also, see paragraph XIV. of this instruction regarding training for OSHA personnel.)

   1. The Regional Administrator may delegate further responsibilities to Area Directors, OSHA Investigation Team Leaders, and other OSHA personnel.

   2. The delegated OSHA personnel shall seek Regional guidance if there are problems or difficulties in performing OSHA's duties. Policies for notification, communication, and other procedures during an emergency are provided in OSHA Instruction CPL 2.94, "OSHA Response to Significant Events of Potentially Catastrophic Consequence," and OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103, the Field Inspection Reference Manual (FIRM), Chapter II.B.2. (See Appendices A through F in this instruction for further inspection guidelines.)

   3. During an event that is covered by the NCP, OSHA has a responsibility (and has authority) to be both an enforcer of its regulations and a provider of technical advice and assistance to the Federal on-scene coordinator. One method of performing the two functions would be to have separate OSHA teams for enforcement and technical assistance.

10. Specific Provisions of 29 CFR 1910.120. Guidelines and clarifications relating to specific provisions of the standard are provided in Appendices A through F to assist CSHO's in conducting inspections.

    1. Appendix A -- Procedures for Reviewing an Emergency Response Plan.

    2. Appendix B -- Guidance for 29 CFR 1910.120 Emergency Response Compliance Inspection.

    3. Appendix C -- Inspections Procedures at Ongoing or Recently Completed Emergency Response Operations.

    4. Appendix D -- HAZWOPER Interpretive Guidance.

    5. Appendix E -- Releases of Hazardous Substances that Require an Emergency Response.

    6. Appendix F -- Relationship of 29 CFR 1910.120(q) with Other OSHA Standards and Other Agency Regulations.

    7. Appendix G -- List of Acronyms.

    8. Appendix H -- Reference Materials for HAZWOPER.

1. If deviations appear appropriate, however, they shall be coordinated with the Directorate of Compliance Programs, Office of Health Compliance Assistance, through the Regional Office.

2. Serious violations shall be issued whenever a deficiency in the program can contribute to a potential exposure capable of causing death or serious physical harm. In addition, the CSHO must document that the employer knew or should have known of the violation.

1. For all inspections on a site where an ongoing emergency is not occurring, but where HAZWOPER applies because it is reasonable to anticipate an emergency (i.e., where 29 CFR 1910.120(q) would apply), OSHA personnel must be knowledgeable of:
   1. Potential hazards they may encounter;

   2. Site specific procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency (addressed in paragraph XI.A of this instruction);

   3. Signs and symptoms of overexposure to hazardous substances, and the use of appropriate monitoring equipment;

   4. The appropriate PPE to be worn. Each CSHO who will be expected to use PPE shall be trained in the proper care, use, and limitations of the PPE. (Refer to the OSHA Technical Manual regarding instructions for respirator use.).

2. For all inspections on a site where OSHA personnel are investigating an emergency that involves hazardous substances, OSHA personnel must be knowledgeable of the elements listed in paragraphs XIV.A.1.-4. (above). In addition, OSHA personnel must:

   1. Have the appropriate training required by 29 CFR 1910.120 before entering danger areas, and any applicable annual refresher training;

   2. Be knowledgeable of the contents of OSHA Instruction CPL 2.94. OSHA Regional training shall provide an overview of OSHA's expected role during operations covered by the NCP, an overview of Regional Response Team (RRT) activities and interagency coordination pursuant to CPL 2.94; and

   3. Be familiar with the applicable sections of the Regional Contingency Plan, or the local emergency response plan for the community, if available.

3. Regional and Area Offices shall include exercises and drills for CSHO's who will be participating in inspections or providing technical assistance during emergency incidents. (See OSHA Instruction CPL 2.94, G.1.a.) This is crucial for the OSHA offices who expect to take part in NCP responses. OSHA's presence and acceptance during emergency response operations covered by the NCP will be greatly enhanced if other agencies, who are also responding under the NCP, are aware of and can plan for OSHA's role during an emergency response.

1. Many of the hazards that CSHO's may encounter are already regulated by the medical surveillance requirements in other OSHA standards. In addition, Regional Administrators and Area Directors are responsible for implementing the CSHO medical examination program, which includes: Pre-Employment Examinations (OSHA Instruction PER 8-2.4), Annual Examinations (OSHA Instruction PER 8-2.5), and Emergency treatment.

2. Ongoing medical surveillance (as opposed to medical consultation or emergency treatment, discussed in XV.C.), which is addressed in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(9), applies to designated hazardous material (HAZMAT) teams and hazardous materials specialists. OSHA personnel will not be expected to participate in an emergency in either of these capacities; therefore, the medical surveillance requirements of HAZWOPER would not apply.

3. The standard, 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(9)(ii), requires that any employee who exhibits signs or symptoms that may have been a result of exposure to hazardous substances during the course of an emergency incident must be provided medical consultation. During any investigation of emergency incidents, any CSHO experiencing such signs or symptoms shall be entitled to a medical consultation.

4. CSHO's who are required to wear any respiratory protection and Level A or B PPE shall be medically cleared via the CSHO Physical Examination procedures.

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). It is recognized that situations will arise where entry into areas involving highly hazardous substances is necessary; however, it is permitted only when appropriate PPE is available.

   1. Regional Administrators and Area Directors shall ensure that appropriate PPE is available for the CSHO. Further guidance on the appropriate PPE will be addressed in another instruction. (The selection of appropriate PPE is covered in Appendix B, 29 CFR 1910.120, and the OSHA Technical Manual.)

      (a) Where respiratory protection will be necessary, the CSHO shall adhere to the guidance set forth in the OSHA Technical Manual.

   2. The Assistant Regional Administrator for Technical Support shall be consulted for assistance in determining the appropriateness of SCBA used in any planned entry requiring the use of SCBA.

      (a) Whenever CSHO's wear SCBA, a buddy system shall be employed wherein each CSHO who enters a danger area is accounted for by another identically equipped CSHO, who must remain in a safe location as a standby to assist in emergency rescue and decontamination if necessary. Two CSHOs, at a minimum, shall comprise a team to enter into the danger area while their respective buddies remain in a safe location.

      (b) Appropriately equipped and trained personnel other than CSHOs (e.g., EPA personnel) may be substituted for the required number of CSHOs under the buddy system.

   3. If additional PPE is necessary, the Regional Administrators and Area Directors shall ensure that it is obtained prior to exposure. Under no circumstances shall a CSHO be unprotected from any hazard encountered during the course of an investigation.

2. Decontamination Procedures for OSHA Personnel. Prior to site entry CSHOs shall determine if decontamination facilities exist, whether they are adequate for the expected conditions at the site, and if they will be available for OSHA use.

   1. When decontamination facilities exist at the inspection site CSHOs shall utilize them if, in their professional judgment, the facilities are adequate. In the event that decontamination facilities are nonexistent, inadequate or not available for use, or if someone is not available to assist in decontamination, CSHOs shall not proceed into areas where there would be a need for decontamination, but shall contact the CSHOs' supervisor immediately.

   2. The Area Director shall ensure that decontamination equipment is available to CSHOs. The decontamination equipment shall accompany CSHOs on each inspection where it is likely that the CSHOs will be required to wear special PPE before entering the emergency response site. (Refer to the Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, developed by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), OSHA, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and EPA, for guidance on decontamination equipment.)

1. Paragraph (q) is the broadest in its scope of coverage. It applies to any emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial releases of releases of, hazardous substances without regard to the location of the hazard. There is a spectrum of compliance options ranging from evacuation of the area and calling outside assistance, to development of sophisticated hazardous material response teams.

2. The key to compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120(q) is the emergency response plan (ERP) required in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(1), and elaborated on in (q)(2). It is this document which must be reviewed carefully to determine whether employers are in compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120. (An ERP is not required by HAZWOPER if employers elect to develop an emergency action plan in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.38(a) and evacuate all employees. If an employer has developed an Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) according to the National Response Team's Integrated Contingency Plan Guidance, OSHA recognizes this type of document as demonstrating compliance with the requirements of 1910.120(q)(1) and 1910.38(a). The ICP must still be carefully reviewed against HAZWOPER requirements, in the same manner as an ERP.)

3. It may be that some of the requirements of an ERP are not applicable to the place of employment in question. While OSHA does not expect the employer to meet requirements that are not applicable, an explanation of how the specific requirement is inappropriate, or is otherwise met, must be addressed in the ERP.

1. The CSHO can establish that the employer would fall under the scope of 29 CFR 1910.120 by documenting the existence of a hazardous substance that would cause, or could potentially cause, an emergency if released in an uncontrolled manner.

   1. CSHOs can establish the quantities of a hazardous substance before visiting a site by asking the local emergency planning committee (or the State emergency planning commission) to supply Tier I or Tier II reporting forms. These forms must be submitted by the employer in accordance with SARA title III and offer useful documentation about the chemicals for enforcement purposes. (See Appendix F, II.B.3. in this instruction.)

   2. CSHOs shall look at the employer's list of hazardous chemicals developed in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200.

   3. The CSHO may also inquire about the hazardous substances on site and the quantities in which they are stored. A determination of quantities of a particular hazardous substance that warrant compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120(q) can be made later in the inspection.

   4. The CSHO shall also examine whether chemicals are present that are incompatible with each other and could cause an emergency if accidentally mixed. For example, if two vessels are stored close to each other, and one contains ammonia and the other chlorine bleach, the two solutions would generate chlorine gas if they were accidentally mixed.

1. The employer must provide the appropriate training and necessary PPE in order to minimize the risks to employees when they are expected to handle incidental releases. If the employer expects employees to handle only incidental releases of hazardous substances and the release escalates beyond an incidental release, the employees are then expected to evacuate in accordance with the employer's emergency action plan. The employer must have plans and procedures for these activities. If workers are required to respond to occurrences that are likely to result in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous substance, then the appropriate requirements of 1910.120(q) are applicable. The level of training required is based on the responsibilities and duties expected of a worker during an emergency response operation.

2. There is a certain level of knowledge that is needed to distinguish between incidental spills that can be handled by employees who are not trained to handle releases that would require an emergency response, and spills that require evacuation and the assistance of emergency responders. First responder awareness level training would meet this requirement.

   1. If the employer cannot utilize 29 CFR 1910.38(a) to ensure that employees can identify an emergency, at least one employee per shift should be given training equivalent to the first responder awareness level. This designated employee would determine whether a situation posed an emergency and whether all employees in the area need to be evacuated. Employees must be told how to act when a release that requires an emergency response occurs. If employees who are not trained as emergency responders were to take action during a release of hazardous substances that would pose an emergency, 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(6) shall be cited.

   2. Employers may choose to include the competencies described in 1910.120(q)(6)(i) - first responder awareness level - in their hazard communication training program. This must include training in recognizing when a situation has escalated beyond the employee's ability to respond.

3. In reviewing an emergency action plan, ascertain from the employer:

   1. What chemical releases have occurred at the facility in the past?

   2. Does HAZWOPER apply?

   3. Is the plan in writing?

   4. Are emergency escape procedures and emergency escape routes assigned? (For example, if wind direction is a factor, has the employer provided any wind direction indicators such as wind socks to help employees determine where to seek refuge?)

   5. Are procedures established to account for all employees after the emergency evacuation has been completed?

   6. Has an employee alarm system, which complies with 29 CFR 1910.165, been established?

   7. If an employee alarm system is used for other purposes, have distinctive signals for each purpose been developed?

   8. Has the employer designated and trained a sufficient number of persons to assist in the safe and orderly evacuation of employees?

   9. Has the employer reviewed the emergency action plan with each employee covered by the plan initially, and when the plan or employee's responsibilities under the plan change?

   10. Is the written plan kept at the workplace and made readily available for employee review?

   11. Does the employer intend to have employees respond to emergencies in any way? Is the plan just a means to avoid compliance with 29 CFR 1910.120(q)?

   12. Does the employer have procedures for notifying both inside and outside parties of incidents so that employees are not at risk? Examples of at risk employees may include those employees who are required by the plan to remain to operate critical operations prior to their evacuation, and where the plan does not have procedures for the employer to ensure that outside responders are notified and are capable of a timely response. CSHOs should look closely at emergency action plans that do not have procedures for immediately contacting the local fire department and other outside responders in order to determine whether such plans place any workers at risk.

Are all the employees that are expected to respond:

• Adequately trained for their intended job duties?

• Properly equipped for the intended tasks?

• Capable of responding in a safe manner?

• Managed by competent leaders?

1. The non-mandatory appendix to 29 CFR 1910.120, Appendix C, section 6, states that in response to a small incident, the Incident Commander (IC), in addition to normal command activities, may become the safety officer and may designate only one employee (with proper equipment) as a backup to provide assistance if needed. OSHA does recommend, however, that at least two employees be designated as backup personnel since the assistance needed may include rescue. 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(3)(v) requires that operations in hazardous areas of an emergency response be performed using the buddy system in groups of two or more. Furthermore, 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(3)(vi) requires at least two additional personnel outside the hazardous area as backup personnel. Thus, there must be at least four individuals at the site. One of the two individuals outside the hazard area can be assigned to another task, provided that the second assignment does not interfere with the performance of the standby role.

2. CSHOs shall review ERPs for the following 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(2) components:

   1. (i) Pre-emergency planning and coordination with outside parties.

      Note: The term "outside parties" means outside responders (fire departments, police, private hazmat teams, emergency medical service personnel, and other pertinent components of the local, state, and federal emergency response system) and other employers in the surrounding area who could be affected by a hazardous substance emergency incident.

      (a) CSHOs may ask the following questions:

      (1) Does the plan address coordination with outside emergency response organizations?

      (2) Have employers notified and coordinated their ERP with the organizations listed? CSHOs must verify with the local fire department that the employer has contacted them regarding the employer's emergency response capabilities and needs and the fire department's role, if any, in providing emergency response. The planning and coordination procedures in the employer's written emergency response plan should state the conditions or circumstances under which outside responders will provide emergency response to the site or facility. The CSHO should also verify with other randomly-selected emergency response organizations listed in the ERP that these outside parties are aware and capable of their role under the site's ERP.

      (3) Are telephone numbers and contact personnel for in plant officials and local authorities correct?

      (4) Do the employer's pre-emergency planning and coordination procedures address how outside parties are notified of a potential emergency situation and what role each would play in an incident? Verify whether the employer has conveyed these elements of the ERP by contacting several of the affected outside parties.

      (5) Are outside responders aware of any circumstances that were either not disclosed or considered by the employer that would delay or prevent them from responding to an incident (e.g., distance, lack of training, etc.)?

      (b) In addition, under SARA title III, facilities are required to share information on hazardous chemicals on site with the local emergency planning committee. You may refer industry personnel to the SARA title III hotline at 1-(800)-535-0202, or to the EPA Regional Offices. CSHOs are encouraged to refer to EPA facilities that have not complied with SARA title III.

   2. (ii) Personnel roles, line of authority, training and communication.

      (a) Personnel roles must be clearly defined. One method of doing this is to list job titles and describe their projected roles in emergency response operations. Although specific HAZWOPER titles are not required, employees should be designated to assume duties that parallel 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(6) and must be trained accordingly. For example, an employer may use the job title, "containment operator," to describe a responder whose responsibilities are equivalent to the first responder operations level. Employers would indicate in the ERP that the employee with this job title has acquired training equal to the first responder operations level, and CSHOs would cite any inadequacies in training under 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(6)(ii).

      (b) Lines of authority must also be made clear in the ERP. The on-scene IC must be notified expeditiously by a predefined chain of communication in the event of a release that would require an emergency response. Although employees at the scene of the release may be expected to inform their supervisors (as opposed to the on-scene IC), the supervisor, unless properly trained, can do nothing other than call for the emergency response personnel and report what is known to be present.

      (1) Are the lines of authority established in the emergency response plan that prescribe the roles and responsibilities of outside responders (e.g., fire, police, etc.) during a response?

      (c) Provisions for employee training should be incorporated into the ERP. This might include a general outline of the training to be completed for each of the various levels of emergency responders addressed in the ERP, or reference to the location of the training manual. The plan should also address a schedule for required annual refresher training.

      (d) The lines of communication need to be defined clearly in the ERP. Essentially all employees that may encounter a release that requires an emergency response should be addressed in the ERP and must understand to whom they are to report a release. These lines of communication can be developed for groups of employees in specific areas that would be required to report to the same individual in the event of an emergency. A system to communicate the need and method for evacuation of all employees who are not designated as emergency responders must be developed. These evacuation procedures should, at a minimum, meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.38(a).

      (e) Means of communication to be used during an emergency response must be established and written into the ERP. This might include dedicated radio frequencies, hand signals, siren blasts, or any other system devised by the employer to alert employees that an emergency response operation has begun.

   3. (iii) Emergency recognition and prevention.

      (a) This section of an ERP must define the types of releases that could potentially require an emergency response and should define what types of releases would not be an emergency, or, in other words, what may be handled as an incidental release. (See Appendix E of this instruction for criteria.)

      (1) The ERP should include an inventory of the hazardous substances found on site, the quantities in which they are stored, and the consequences of an uncontrolled release. Scenarios or circumstances that trigger activation of the ERP should be described for the various hazardous substances stored in sufficient quantities to cause a potential emergency. Reasonably predictable worse-case scenarios must be made in the planning phase.

      (2) Employees such as chemical process operators may be required to shut down processes, close emergency valves and otherwise secure operations that are not in the hot zone or danger area before evacuating in the event of an emergency. (See 29 CFR 1910.38(a)(2)(ii).) These procedures need to be delineated carefully, and employees must be trained to be able to perform these pre-evacuation procedures safely. Employees who perform these operations are not considered "emergency responders;" however, if they perform duties in the hot zone, or danger area, then they would be expected to be trained as emergency responders in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120.

      (3) Chemical process operators who have informed the incident command structure of an emergency, who have adequate PPE and training in the procedures they are to perform, and who employ the buddy system, may take limited action in the danger area (e.g., turning a valve) before the emergency response team arrives. The limited action taken by process operators must be addressed in the Emergency Response Plan. Once the emergency response team arrives, these employees would be restricted to the actions that their training level allows.

      This limited action assumes that the emergency response team is on its way, their arrival is imminent, and that the action taken is necessary to prevent the incident from increasing in severity (i.e., to prevent a catastrophe). Employers must inform employees during their training that they are to evacuate when they lack the capabilities to respond in a safe manner and in accordance with the standard operating procedures defined in the emergency response plan.

      If the process operator takes action beyond what they have been trained to do, and the action was comparable to the active role that a HAZMAT technician would take, CSHOs shall cite a violation of 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(6)(iii). If the operator takes action beyond that which they have been trained to do, and the action was comparable to the defensive role that a first responder at the operations level would take, CSHOs shall cite a violation of 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(6)(ii).

   4. (iv) Safe distances and places of refuge.

      (a) The ERP should contain a map with safe places of refuge identified for each section of the area where HAZMAT emergencies could occur, if possible. Ideally, the map should contain the location of all buildings, structures, equipment, emergency apparatus, first aid stations, routes of entry and exit, emergency exit routes and alternate routes, staging areas, and safe places of refuge. The adequacy of safe refuge areas needs to be determined for the worst-case scenario.

      (1) The safe places of refuge should be the areas where an accounting for all employees will be performed. This can be critically important for identifying individuals that did not get out, estimating where they may be, and initiating any rescue operation.

      (2) Information on safe places of refuge must be given to the emergency response organization in a timely fashion.

   5. (v) Site security and control.

      (a) Areas surrounding the danger area need to be controlled during emergencies by prohibiting unauthorized personnel from entering the exclusion zone, or hot zone. Personnel expected to set up the exclusion zone must be trained to the first responder operations level. Once the exclusion zone is set, employees (preferably trained to the first responder awareness level) may control entry and exit in the area. An employee trained to the first responder awareness level may not set up safe distances because they lack knowledge regarding potential of exposure, explosion, or radiation. For example:

      (1) An employee trained to the first responder awareness level could assist in preventing unauthorized entry into an emergency release area; while

      (2) An employee trained to first responder operations level could set up the exclusion zone to determine how close to the accident cars should be permitted to drive.

      (b) Methods of excluding areas and defining various zones need to be addressed in the ERP. Emergency responses are coordinated from a command post a safe distance away from the exclusion zone. The way this command post is assembled and its functions must also be addressed in the ERP. (See 29 CFR 1910.120 Appendix C, section 7., for further guidance.)

   6. (vi) Evacuation routes and procedures.

      (a) All employees that are not trained in emergency response and who will not be needed during the response operation should be evacuated from the exclusion and decontamination zones. This aspect of the emergency response plan should be in compliance with 29 CFR 1910.38(a) as described in paragraph III.C. of this appendix. CSHOs must use 29 CFR 1910.38(a) as a model to evaluate the employer's "evacuation routes and procedures."

   7. (vii) Decontamination.

      (a) The ERP must contain provisions for decontamination of emergency responders leaving the exclusion zone. Individuals who will assist the responders as they leave the exclusion area must be trained in decontamination procedures. These individuals should wear PPE at the same level or one level below the emergency responders they are supporting; the PPE level must be appropriate to the hazards.

      (1) Decontamination of response equipment left in the exclusion zone and the contaminated area may be handled in the post-emergency response and therefore, decontamination procedures for these areas and equipment does not necessarily need to be part of the ERP.

      (2) If emergency responders are expected to decontaminate their own equipment or the contaminated area, then the procedures to be followed must be included in the ERP. (See 29 CFR 1910.120, Appendix C, section 3., for further guidance.)

   8. (viii) Emergency medical treatment and first aid.

      (a) The plan must provide for advance first aid personnel or better (who must be on standby, as per 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(3)(vi)), and list all qualified emergency medical personnel on site, their certifications and how best to contact them during an emergency.

   9. (ix) Emergency alerting and response procedures.

      (a) The plan must also address how employees will be informed that an emergency exists and how they should respond. The alarm system must inform "all affected employees" that an emergency exists and what their immediate response should be based on the alarm sequence. There are three important questions that need to be addressed:

      Who needs to be made aware of the emergency?

      What do they need to be told to do?

      How will they be alerted?

      (1) Depending on the size and the magnitude of the emergency "all affected employees" may include all employees, employees who work for other employers in the same facility or nearby facilities, or just employees from a limited area. If employers intend to evacuate people from a limited area, they must have alerting procedures in place that can communicate who must evacuate.

      (2) The following list outlines the information necessary to inform the employees of what their immediate response should be. All of these criteria may not be applicable to all employers, depending on the size and nature of the place of work and the employer's preplanning efforts:

      - Notification.	Making the existence of the emergency situation known.
      - Level & Type of Response.	The required response based on the extent and type of emergency.
      - Nature of the Response.	The type of emergency condition (explosion, chemical spill, medical).
      - Location.	Critically important in large facilities.
      - Ambient Conditions.	Environmental factors that influence evacuation or response procedures (wind speed and direction).

   10. (x) Critique of response and follow-up.

       (a) Emergency response plans are based on site specific needs and experience. It is important to consider previous emergency incidents in preparing an ERP. It is just as important to consider new information, experience, and incidents with the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of the ERP and keeping it current.

       (1) Formalized procedures for the critique of an emergency response must be written into the ERP. Appropriate changes should be made in the ERP in accordance with the results of a critique of a specific incident.

       (2) Time spent by emergency response employees reviewing incidents can be credited toward their refresher training requirements.

   11. (xi) PPE and emergency equipment.

       (a) This section of the ERP lists the inventory of PPE and emergency response equipment and materials. The ERP should include instructions on how the PPE and equipment and materials are to be used, their limitations, and in what situations emergency responders will use them.

       (1) HAZWOPER requires the IC to be aware of the equipment and PPE available during an emergency. In addition, responders trained to the HAZMAT technician and HAZMAT specialist levels must be trained in the selection of and the proper use of PPE.

       (2) Emergency responders must be made aware of the inventory in order to utilize the PPE and emergency response equipment effectively.

   12. (xii) Emergency response organizations may use the local emergency response plan or the state emergency response plan or both as part of their emergency response plan to avoid duplication. Those items of the emergency response plan that are being properly addressed by the SARA title III plans may be substituted into their emergency plan or otherwise kept together for use by the employer and employees.

       (a) Community emergency response agencies should be integral components of the community ERP. The community-wide ERP should spell out specific roles and responsibilities for various organizations or agencies, and will state which function each agency is expected to play in the event of an emergency. This predetermined role will be the basis for an agency's ERP.

1. The CSHO upon arriving at an emergency response incident should immediately seek out and report to the On Scene Incident Commander (IC) (or the On Scene Coordinator (OSC) if the NCP is activated), or the appropriate official within the Incident Command System (ICS), such as the safety and health officer. The purpose of this meeting is to inform the IC/OSC of your presence and the purpose of your visit.

2. The CSHO may find it necessary to hold an abbreviated opening conference, during which the CSHO should obtain a copy of the emergency response plan.

3. The CSHO must establish whether contamination zones have been created and if so must avoid entry into zones for which the CSHO has not been appropriately trained or equipped.

4. CSHOs should make every effort to comply with the restrictions imposed by the IC/OSC.

1. HAZWOPER's Incident Command System.
   1. The primary question to be answered is whether the emergency response procedures have been followed. These procedures are outlined in the emergency response plan as well as in 1910.120(q)(3) of the standard.

      If the employer fails to follow his/her emergency plan and also responds inappropriately, the CSHO should cite the employer for both actions. An example would be where an employer has designated the local fire department as the emergency responder, and then during an incident, fails to notify the department and sends in inadequately trained employees to respond to the incident. In that case, the employer should be cited under 1910.120(q)(1) and (q)(6).

   2. Is there an Incident Command System? This is required in 1910.120(q)(3)(i).

   3. The standard requires one individual, the most senior official on the site who has the responsibility for controlling site operations, to be in charge of the incident from beginning to end. The Incident Command System is to include a preestablished chain of command, in which control of the incident is passed up the chain of command as more senior officers arrive.

2. Site Monitoring and Characterization.

   1. The IC or designated safety officer has the responsibility to "identify, to the extent possible, all hazardous substances or conditions present and shall address as appropriate site analysis, use of engineering controls, maximum exposure limits, hazardous substance handling procedures, and use of any new technologies."

   2. The IC has a responsibility to utilize all available resources to characterize the hazards associated with response activities. The information gathering/ site characterization stage of an emergency response operation is critical in that it influences all other subsequent aspects of the response (delineation of contamination zones, personal protective equipment (PPE), etc.).

3. Appropriate Emergency Response Operations.
   1. Site Characterization. Based on characterization of the site, the IC is responsible for implementing appropriate emergency response operations, and ensuring that appropriate PPE is used. To establish the appropriateness of the response operation, the CSHO must ask the IC or appropriate official within the ICS after the incident is over what he/she knew about the hazardous substances present and how he/she knew it? Did the IC rely on placards, labels, manifests, or information from the plant pursuant to 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(3)(iii)?

   2. Lines of Communication. The IC must establish and maintain lines of communication including links to the senior official present for each employer. If a senior official for an employer was not incorporated in the lines of communication, there may have been a violation of 1910.120(q)(3)(i).

   3. Coordination. Adequate coordination of emergency responders is critical to a safe emergency response operation. The CSHO should explore any evidence of inadequate coordination of emergency responders. Were responders receiving direction from more than one source? Was there more than one command post? Did any of the employer's employees refuse to take direction from the IC? Were the responders aware of the existence of any pre-emergency planning procedures or agreements between the facility and their organization? Were they aware of their roles once response operations are initiated?

4. Positive Pressure Self-Contained breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
   1. The standard requires that positive pressure SCBA be used "while engaged in emergency response, until such time that the individual in charge of the ICS determines through the use of air monitoring that a decreased level of respiratory protection will not result in hazardous exposure to employees," in 29 CFR 1910.120(q)(3)(iv).

   2. If the IC is limited in his or her ability to monitor and characterize the site, positive pressure SCBA must be used. If the site has not been adequately characterized and respiratory pro